Example sentences of "[adj] opioid use " in BNC.
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| 1 | This study produced three age-related estimates of ‘ regular opioid use ’ in the London boroughs of Camden and Islington ( based on research from 1977 to 1983 ) : 12 per 1,000 of the 16–24-year-old population , 25 per 1,000 of the 25–34-year-olds , and 5 per 1,000 of the 35–44-year-olds . |
| 2 | The rate of known opioid use |
| 3 | The overall rate of known opioid use in the adult population of Wirral was found to be almost 5 per 1,000 , but rates were clearly higher for males ( over 6 per 1,000 ) , 16–24-year-olds ( over 18 per 1,000 ) , and for the unemployed ( about 28 per 1,000 ) ( see Table 2.3 , p.22 ) . |
| 4 | Four of Wirral 's 48 townships clearly have the highest rates of known opioid use , both in their overall and youth populations . |
| 5 | In order further to investigate this implied relationship between heroin use and social deprivation , we employed 1981 Census statistics to examine correlations between the rate of known opioid use and levels of social deprivation in each of Wirral 's 48 townships ( unemployment figures were for May 1985 , and included temporarily sick residents ) . |
| 6 | Significant positive correlations were found between the rate of known opioid use and each of seven indicators of social deprivation ( in both the general and youth populations ) , namely : unemployment , council tenancies , overcrowding , large families , single-parent households , an unskilled labour force , and having no access to a car ( see Parker et al . |
| 7 | There was also a relatively minor but significant correlation between the rate of known opioid use and townships ' population size . |
| 8 | Comparisons of the 48 townships , ranked according to rates of known opioid use , unemployment ( the most highly correlated indicator of social deprivation ) , and population size , confirm the strength of the correlations and also spotlight salient exceptions . |
| 9 | For instance , the ten townships with the highest rates of known opioid use ( average 0.7 per cent ) have a mean population size of about 10,000 , and a mean unemployment rate of 20 per cent . |
| 10 | By contrast , as might be expected , the nine townships with a zero rate of known opioid use have a much lower mean population size of about 1,300 , and a much lower mean unemployment rate of 6 per cent . |
| 11 | First , there are two clear examples of townships with high rates of known opioid use but relatively low rates of unemployment : Wallasey Village ( ranked fourth for opioid use but 33rd for unemployment ) , and Heswall ( 11th against 37th ) . |
| 12 | There were no notable examples of townships with high unemployment but low rates of known opioid use . |
| 13 | Evidence in support of this social process is provided by our finding of a significant correlation between the rates of known opioid use in Wirral townships and their population size . |
| 14 | The high rates of known opioid use in Wallasey Village and Bebington may be partly or wholly explained by microdiffusion processes . |
| 15 | The explanation of the high rates of known opioid use in West Kirby and Heswall needs to be somewhat different , since neither is very close to any township with high levels of known opioid use or social deprivation . |
| 16 | The explanation of the high rates of known opioid use in West Kirby and Heswall needs to be somewhat different , since neither is very close to any township with high levels of known opioid use or social deprivation . |
| 17 | Having established that the annual prevalence of known opioid use in Wirral during 1984–5 was about 5 per 1,000 of the adult population , the question arises as to how high this level of opioid use is compared to other areas of the UK . |
| 18 | Consequently , valid comparisons of the rate of known opioid use in Wirral with the rates in other areas of the UK depend upon an assessment of the findings of the handful of local surveys of known drug users in the 1980s . |
| 19 | Since all five surveys differ with respect to their methods of investigation and the type of estimate made , the figures used to indicate the rate of known opioid use in Wirral have been adjusted to increase the validity of each comparison ( see Table 2.3 ) . |
| 20 | However , given the overall rise in heroin use in Britain during the 1980s , it seems plausible that the rate of known opioid use would have increased in South Tyneside between 1981 and the middle of the decade . |
| 21 | However , since the Glasgow study began 18 months earlier than the Wirral survey , and since prevalence was estimated to be on the increase , it is possible that the rate of known opioid use in Glasgow exceeded that in Wirral by 1984–5 . |
| 22 | Even allowing for differences between the two surveys , it seems fairly likely that the rate of known opioid use was much higher in Wirral than Brighton during 1984 and 1985 . |
| 23 | The methods employed in this study were very similar to those adopted in the Wirral survey , which had a comparable annual prevalence rate of 4 per 1,000 , clearly a much higher rate of known opioid use than in Bristol during this period . |
| 24 | In summary , a review of research on levels of opioid use in the 1980s suggests that Wirral , along with London and Glasgow , had one of the highest recorded rates of known opioid use in the UK at the mid-point of the decade . |
| 25 | A crude comparison of the figure of 788 known opioid users in 1985–6 with the figure of 1,305 known opioid users in 1984–5 suggests a decrease in the prevalence of known opioid use . |
| 26 | This simple epidemiological model allows us to calculate that of the 1,305 cases of known opioid use in 1984–5 , 261 will have stopped using opioids during the following year . |
| 27 | Thus , since relative incidence ( new cases of known opioid use ) reached 356 during 1985–6 , this suggests that prevalence had increased by a further 95 individuals . |
| 28 | If this was the case , then although the present analysis has concluded that the prevalence of known opioid use was still increasing in 1985–6 , it also suggests that annual incidence had peaked and was declining . |
| 29 | Furthermore , the above analysis may be justifiably criticised on the grounds that it compares two surveys which employed different agencies to reach their estimates of the prevalence of known opioid use . |
| 30 | On the basis of a crude comparison it appears that the prevalence of known opioid use has decreased by up to 400 cases . |