Example sentences of "by which [noun] " in BNC.
Next page| No | Sentence |
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| 1 | It so happened that in 1885 a Royal Commission had been set up " to investigate and report upon , the condition of the blind in the United Kingdom , the various systems of education of the blind … the employments open to and suitable for the blind and the means by which education may be extended so as to increase the number of blind persons qualified for such employments . " |
| 2 | Joseph had mused : ‘ perhaps there is at work here a process , apparent in many situations but imperfectly understood , by which problems reproduced themselves from generation to generation ’ ( Joseph , 1972 ) . |
| 3 | Some , primarily because of their educational background , though there will be other causes , are in a position in a business enterprise to be able to define their own roles and will have a determining voice in deciding pay and other rewards and , in general , be able to define the procedures and roles by which others ' work will be done . |
| 4 | Because of socialisation it is only rarely that we have to puzzle out a meaning for an action which we come across in our normal social encounters — most actions seem perfectly intelligible to us the moment they occur — because we have learnt the rules by which others are playing the ‘ game ’ . |
| 5 | In general , discoveries in geology follow a cyclical descriptive-inductive pattern , by which fieldwork leads to theoretical advances , which suggest further fieldwork and so on . |
| 6 | The similarities between things called by the same name are indefinite and fluctuating ; one tries to pin terms down by definition , so that they can be used for strict inference , but Wittgenstein showed that in the vocabulary of natural languages the similarities are ‘ family resemblances ’ , by which A may be like B in one respect and B like C in another , but A like C in neither , so that it is useless to look for common characteristics by which to define the word which names them all . |
| 7 | The dates and stages by which communism was to be reached disappeared entirely ; the 1986 Programme , on the contrary , noted that the party did ‘ not attempt to foresee in detail the features of full communism ’ and warned that any attempt to advance too rapidly was ‘ doomed to failure and might cause both political and economic damage ’ . |
| 8 | Radical feminists see the put-downs and discrimination experienced by girls as the means by which men control women — and by which boys control girls . |
| 9 | The final report emphasised support for the principle of collective responsibility of all directors for the governance of the company , and in particular extended the recommendation that there should be a procedure by which non-executives might obtain independent external professional advice to all directors , and made clear all directors should have the right to attend audit committee meetings . |
| 10 | The mechanisms by which platelet sticks to platelet during aggregation are not fully understood . |
| 11 | Nevertheless , there are various ways by which scientists can detect their presence . |
| 12 | Mechanisms by which scientists advised Government on national research priorities were indirect or diffuse , until Mrs Thatcher introduced the Advisory Committee on Science and Technology . |
| 13 | To the extent that it is used in many countries as part of the process by which scientists communicate , and through which scientific knowledge grows , it will be treated here as equivalent to the formal . |
| 14 | Although the precise mechanism by which K + moves from cell cytosol to the lumen of the gastric gland is unclear , a number of mechanisms that link apical K + and Cl - transport have been proposed namely — solely electroneutral KCl cotransport , electroneutral KCl cotransport in parallel with a large Cl - conductance , K + movement by a population of K + -specific channels in parallel with apical Cl - channels , and simultaneous K + and Cl - movement mediated by an apical cotransporter with partial conductive properties . |
| 15 | This was a currency reform , by which 50- and 100-rouble banknotes stopped , at a few hours ' notice , being legal tender . |
| 16 | Interpreting taxonomic richness thus comes down to identifying the ways by which diversity has been decreased . |
| 17 | They are essentially of two kinds : ‘ fair rent ’ , a system by which tenants pay a rent determined by a rent officer , and ‘ co-ownership ’ , where part of the tenant 's rent goes towards partial ownership of the dwelling . |
| 18 | The fundamental achievement was the elucidation of the structure of DNA and proteins together with the mechanisms by which genes code for and control the structure of proteins . |
| 19 | The means by which genes produce their effects are known in some detail . |
| 20 | That , however , is a vague remark ; and must remain as such , because the mechanism by which genes build bodies is one of the great unsolved problems of biology . |
| 21 | Subsequent steps by which genes influence bodies are a little less obviously computer-like . |
| 22 | Morphology is the mechanism by which morphemes combine to form words . |
| 23 | It was beyond the scope of this study to enquire into the way by which urethane inhibits mucosal repair processes . |
| 24 | At best the idea of action as produced by the following of a rule is an icon or model of the process by which actions are really generated . |
| 25 | Add that to the Espace , still the standard by which MPVs are judged , the outstanding Clio and the under A610 sports car , and you have a strikingly modern and competitive range of cars , easily Renault 's best model line-up since the '60s . |
| 26 | Thus organisms are seen primarily as means by which strands of DNA are reproduced through succeeding generations . |
| 27 | He itemised the steps by which East European Governments gained access to the free markets of West Europe , while denying the same freedom of access to West European manufacturers , and revealed how reciprocal trade deals negotiated with the multi-nationals resulted in unsuspecting third party EEC Governments being saddled with the import bill . |
| 28 | The Act lays down criteria , known as ‘ gateways ’ , by which restrictions may be justified . |
| 29 | Predation will be discussed in detail in Chapter 2 , and the modifications by which predators may be identified will be described in Chapter 3 . |
| 30 | bone digestion in prey assemblages is the most diagnostic feature by which predators may be identified from the bones of their prey , although here too it is not possible to distinguish all predator species . |